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Text as object in the Middle Ages

Call for Papers – Leeds International Medieval Congress, 1-4 July 2019, Leeds

The International Medieval Congress (IMC) is the largest medieval studies conference in the world. More than 2,900 medievalists from more than 60 countries participated in the 25th annual International Medieval Congress (IMC) from 2-5 July 2018.

In line with the Special Thematic Strand in 2019 “Materialities” (https://www.leeds.ac.uk/ims/imc/imc2019_call.html) and the recent creation of the strand “Manuscript studies”, we organize sessions on “Text as object in the Middle Ages”. Texts, indeed, are at the same time an idea and a form. The latter is the result of a combination of inherited social uses and specific intentions by the various actors involved in transmitting the text as idea. This process begins with the authors, continues to the craftsmen (parchment and paper makers, copyists and chancery clerks, painters and illuminators, sculptors and weavers, booksellers…) and then on to possessors, readers, archives and libraries. All textual artefacts are concerned: manuscripts, charters, inscriptions, tapestries, seals, coins, etc.

What scholars can study nowadays is however only one specific, if not final, state of those manuscripts, documents and inscriptions, from which they seek to reconstruct the respective intents of the actors. Under the topic “Text as object in the Middle Ages”, we intend to study the interplay of the original creation act, the possible transformations, and modern scholarship, especially along the following lines: “archaeology of a research concept”, “materiality in scholarly editions”, “genre and materiality”, “fragments”, “imaging techniques and physicochemical analysis”


Paris, Archives Nationales, JJ 145, fol. 193r [https://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/iiif/23834/canvas/canvas-2360446/view]

 

  • Archaeology of a research concept: awareness of materiality in the 15th-19th centuries

Medieval library catalogues started including dictiones probatoriae or secundo folio as identifiers of a given manuscript as object rather than as the bearer of a text; additional information on the physical appearance could also be indicated (size of the script, illumination, …). Cartularies and registers, but also inventories, sometimes include a description of the original charter, be it in a text form, be it as a  drawing (“copie figurée”), also for elements which are no validation signs. These are early examples of an awareness of material aspects in textual artefacts.  “materiality” as a term is rather new in historiographical research, however there is a complex archaeology of this research concept applied to texts. Starting in the Middle Ages, it became more prominent with the rise of the “auxiliary sciences” such as palaeography and diplomatics in the 17th and 18th century which were very much focused on the material aspects of written objects. By the 19th century it found its way into the bibliographic descriptions, either in a scholarly environment or in auction and sales catalogues as part of a bibliophilic interest.

This pre-historical time of “materiality” as a research concept is not well known. We welcome proposals dealing with examples of a “material” approach to manuscripts and documents in medieval and early modern times, and evidencing the consequences of this past material concern on modern scholarship (e.g. identification of well described manuscripts in past collections vs. apparently lost collections).

  • Materiality in Scholarly Editions

When doing editorial work, scholars may take the materiality of the text into account and either decide to discard their observations or communicate them to the user. From imitative, so-called “diplomatic” editions to very normalizing ones, several models coexist depending on editorial goals, national traditions, text genres, or witness tradition with regard to the nature of the textual work. Discussions of former editions and practices are welcome, as well as proposals discussing the current developments in scholarly editions. This could include reflections on the tensions resulting from tight schedules due to fixed-term contracts and the ideal of exhaustive material description and analysis.

  • Genre and materiality: literary genre and their influence on layout, decoration, and scripts

The connection between text and object is reflected by specific requirements for the written object in the fields of diplomatics, epigraphy, codicology (layout, material structure), art history (iconography, decoration), and palaeography (script types, abbreviations, script size and degree of formality).

Recurrent patterns in book production have already been identified, such as books of hours and prayers for lay people being small in size, illustrated, and written in long lines, or genealogies and universal histories being written in scroll format in order to stress the continuity. There are also illuminators working mainly in the production of one or two literary genres, for whom it is not always possible to ascertained if it is a consequence of being hired by one librarian or if they specialized into specific iconographic types. Illuminated charters as a category may also be connected with specific conditions in their creation.

Connexions between script types and text genres also may be a medieval reality uncovered by modern research (Beneventan/Caroline scripts depending on genres) or a historiographical construct (such as the misleading “gothic liturgical script” or Uncial as Christian script). In this regard, cultural divide and contact zones (Beneventan, Wisigothic vs. Caroline; Humanistic vs. Gothic) deserve special attention, as well as a further study of “pragmatic literacy” under the pragmatic aspect of writing.

Medieval autographs form a cross-genre domain, in which the intervention of the author may provide modern scholars with additional information. Yet, only a reciprocal analysis of text and handwriting in their context should allow the expertise of autography. Theoretical proposals and case studies demonstrating how material (here mainly palaeographic) and textual inquiries interact are welcome.

Papers could focus on new results within these known patterns or new connections between text and materiality.

  • Fragments and damaged text objects: an ex post decided layout and format definition

Fragments are a challenging form to study manuscripts both as texts and objects. They pose specific challenges for the identification of the textual contents as well as the objects’ origin and life. Proposals may present innovative tools and projects, as well as scholarly research based on virtual or physical reconstruction of dismembered or fragmentary text objects. The organizers particularly welcome proposals dealing with the fragment as source for the broader historical context (e.g. textual history, reception and cultural transfers).

  • Imaging techniques and physicochemical analysis of medieval text objects

The material analysis is not a new field any more. Imaging techniques available for manuscript research include those based on physicochemical properties (multispectral, X-ray fluorescence, etc.) as well as those that allow a better perception of the object (Reflectance Transformation Imaging, 3D scan). Recent technological advances now allow a better coordination of textual studies,imaging and physicochemical research. Examples include the Archimedes palimpsest, the manuscripts from Mount Sinai or the rolls from Herculanum and Ein Gedi. For this session we expect proposals illustrating how material analyses or imaging techniques can reveal hidden or illegible text layers and therefore have a direct impact on our understanding of the textual content and its history.

 

Papers of 20 minutes in length are invited. To propose a paper, please send a brief abstract (250 words max) to

  • dominique.stutzmann@irht.cnrs.fr
  • katharina.kaska@univie.ac.at
  • sebastien.barret@cnrs-orleans.fr
  • paul.bertrand@uclouvain.be
  • christoph.egger@univie.ac.at
  • georg.vogeler@uni-graz.at

The deadline for receipt of submissions is 25th September 2018.

Abréviations : listes mises à jour

En mai 2016, nous avons posté une liste d’entités pour gérer les abréviations, cf.Abréviations latines

Suite à la demande d’une collègue préparant un manuel d’encodage, nous publions nos listes actuelles :

1. Abréviations françaises

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>
<!ENTITY con-tironien-cun “<choice><expan>cun</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY com-tironien-e-suscrit-comme “<choice><expan>com<ex>mm</ex>e</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pb-tilde-re-prestre “<choice><expan>p<ex>rest</ex>re</expan><abbr>p<am>b̃</am>e</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY x-i-suscrit-Chresti “<choice><expan>Ch<ex>rest</ex>i</expan><abbr>x<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bn-tilde-bien “<choice><expan>b<ex>ie</ex>n</expan><abbr>bn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cae-tilde-cause “<choice><expan>ca<ex>us</ex>e</expan><abbr>ca<am>̃</am>e</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY vr-tilde-vostr “<choice><expan>v<ex>ost</ex>r</expan><abbr>vr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ch-tilde-un-chascun “<choice><expan>ch<ex>asc</ex>un</expan><abbr>ch<am>̃</am>un</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-ur-eur “<choice><expan><ex>eur</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-ur-our “<choice><expan><ex>our</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-barré-selle “<choice><expan>s<ex>elle</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!– L’entité <!ENTITY s-barré-selle “<choice><expan>s<ex>elle</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”> est fautive ; la valeur 1e9c vaut pour et tironien –><!ENTITY Mich-tilde-Michel “<choice><expan>Mich<ex>el</ex></expan><abbr>Mich<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY Ph-tilde-Philippes “<choice><expan>Ph<ex>ilippes</ex></expan><abbr>Ph<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY thoul-tilde-thoulouse “<choice><expan>thoul<ex>ouse</ex></expan><abbr>thoul<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-sion “<choice><expan><ex>sion</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-tilde-quel “<choice><expan>q<ex>uel</ex></expan><abbr>q<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-har “<choice><expan>h<ex>ar</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-es “<choice><expan>r<ex>es</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-o-suscrit-pour “<choice><expan>p<ex>o</ex>ur</expan><abbr>p<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY magd-tilde-magdelaine “<choice><expan>Magd<ex>elaine</ex></expan><abbr>magd<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY vic-tilde-vincennes “<choice><expan>vic<ex>ennes</ex></expan><abbr>Vic<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY vendr-tilde-vendredi “<choice><expan>vendr<ex>edi</ex></expan><abbr>vendr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY Guill-tilde-e-Guillaume “<choice><expan>Guill<ex>aum</ex>e</expan><abbr>Guill<am>̃</am>e</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ch-tilde-r-chevalier “<choice><expan>ch<ex>evalie</ex>r</expan><abbr>ch<am>̃</am>r</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-aucie “<choice><expan><ex>aucies</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-eschauz “<choice><expan><ex>eschauz</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lr-tilde-lettr “<choice><expan>l<ex>ett</ex>r</expan><abbr>lr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sen-tilde-seneschal “<choice><expan>sen<ex>eschal</ex></expan><abbr>sen<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lb-tilde-livres “<choice><expan>l<ex>ivres</ex></expan><abbr>lb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lbr-tilde-livres “<choice><expan>l<ex>ivres</ex></expan><abbr>lbr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-deniers “<choice><expan>d<ex>eniers</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY it-tilde-item “<choice><expan>it<ex>em</ex></expan><abbr>it<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mons-signe-simple-monseigneur “<choice><expan>mons<ex>eigneur</ex></expan><abbr>mons<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-sols “<choice><expan>s<ex>ols</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-solz “<choice><expan>s<ex>olz</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-ier “<choice><expan><ex>ier</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ten-tilde-tenances “<choice><expan>ten<ex>ances</ex></expan><abbr>ten<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-iers “<choice><expan><ex>iers</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-eur “<choice><expan>e<ex>ur</ex></expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-ier “<choice><expan><ex>ier</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ee “<choice><expan><ex>ee</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-barré-seurs “<choice><expan>s<ex>eurs</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-tilde-tiste “<choice><expan>t<ex>ist</ex></expan><abbr>te<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-a-suscrit-qua “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>a</expan><abbr>q<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>

 

Abréviations latines

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>
<!– ABREVIATIONS PAR SUSPENSION –>
<!ENTITY a-antiphona “<choice><expan>a<ex>ntiphona</ex></expan><abbr>a</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-tilde-antiphona “<choice><expan>a<ex>ntiphona</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-signe-double-ad “<choice><expan>a<ex>d</ex></expan><abbr>a<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-point-alleluia “<choice><expan>a<ex>lleluia</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-point-arundineto “<choice><expan>a<ex>rundineto</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-tilde-bernardus “<choice><expan>b<ex>ernardus</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-tilde-cetera “<choice><expan>c<ex>etera</ex></expan><abbr>c<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-denariorum “<choice><expan>d<ex>enariorum</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-denarios “<choice><expan>d<ex>enarios</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-dicatorum “<choice><expan>d<ex>icatorum</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-domine “<choice><expan>d<ex>omine</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-domini “<choice><expan>d<ex>omin</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-tilde-est “<choice><expan>e<ex>st</ex></expan><abbr>e<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-tilde-es “<choice><expan>e<ex>s</ex></expan><abbr>e<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY f-tilde-fratris “<choice><expan>f<ex>ratris</ex></expan><abbr>f<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-signe-simple-meum “<choice><expan>m<ex>eum</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY N-point-Nicolao “<choice><expan>N<ex>icolao</ex></expan><abbr>N<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-tilde-non “<choice><expan>n<ex>on</ex></expan><abbr>n<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-tilde-omnis “<choice><expan>o<ex>mnis</ex></expan><abbr>o<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-signe-double-paulus “<choice><expan>p<ex>aulus</ex></expan><abbr>p<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-psalm “<choice><expan>p<ex>salm</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-psalmus “<choice><expan>p<ex>salmus</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-point-quasi “<choice><expan>q<ex>uasi</ex></expan><abbr>q.</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-tilde-respo “<choice><expan>r<ex>espo</ex></expan><abbr>r<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-tilde-respondit “<choice><expan>r<ex>espondit</ex></expan><abbr>r<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-tilde-responsorium “<choice><expan>r<ex>esponsorium</ex></expan><abbr>r<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-point-rei “<choice><expan>r<ex>ei</ex></expan><abbr>r<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-point-scilicet “<choice><expan>s<ex>cilicet</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-sancti “<choice><expan>s<ex>ancti</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-sermone “<choice><expan>s<ex>ermone</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-sunt “<choice><expan>s<ex>unt</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-tilde-ut “<choice><expan>u<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>u<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-tilde-uersus “<choice><expan>u<ex>ersus</ex></expan><abbr>u<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– SUSPENSIONS –>
<!ENTITY an-tilde-antiphona “<choice><expan>an<ex>tiphona</ex></expan><abbr>an<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ant-tilde-antiphona “<choice><expan>ant<ex>iphona</ex></expan><abbr>ant<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ap-tilde-apud “<choice><expan>ap<ex>ud</ex></expan><abbr>ap<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ar-point-argento “<choice><expan>ar<ex>gento</ex></expan><abbr>ar<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY arg-tilde-argentum “<choice><expan>ar<ex>gentum</ex></expan><abbr>arg<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY aug-tilde-augustinus “<choice><expan>aug<ex>ustinus</ex></expan><abbr>aug<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bened-tilde-benedicite “<choice><expan>bened<ex>icite</ex></expan><abbr>bene<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cant-tilde-cantici “<choice><expan>cant<ex>ici</ex></expan><abbr>cant<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cant-tilde-canticum “<choice><expan>cant<ex>icum</ex></expan><abbr>cant<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cap-tilde-capitulum “<choice><expan>cap<ex>itulum</ex></expan><abbr>cap<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY capitan-tilde-capitanei “<choice><expan>capitan<ex>ei</ex></expan><abbr>capitan<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY card-tilde-cardinalem “<choice><expan>card<ex>inalem</ex></expan><abbr>card<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY coll-tilde-collecta “<choice><expan>coll<ex>ecta</ex></expan><abbr>coll<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY con-point-conpeditorum “<choice><expan>con<ex>peditorum</ex></expan><abbr>con<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY con-point-concilio “<choice><expan>con<ex>cilio</ex></expan><abbr>con<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cor-point-cordibus “<choice><expan>cor<ex>dibus</ex></expan><abbr>cor<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY coss-point-consulibus “<choice><expan>co<ex>n</ex>s<ex>ulibus</ex></expan><abbr>coss<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cre-point-cremium “<choice><expan>cre<ex>mium</ex></expan><abbr>cre<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cur-tilde-curie “<choice><expan>cur<ex>ie</ex></expan><abbr>cur<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dan-tilde-danielis “<choice><expan>dan<ex>ielis</ex></expan><abbr>dan<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY de-tilde-demoliuntur “<choice><expan>de<ex>moliuntur</ex></expan><abbr>de<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY di-point-dimidio “<choice><expan>di<ex>midio</ex></expan><abbr>di<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY di-point-dicamus “<choice><expan>di<ex>camus</ex></expan><abbr>di<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY di-point-discurrent “<choice><expan>di<ex>scurrent</ex></expan><abbr>di<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dist-tilde-distinctio “<choice><expan>dist<ex>inctio</ex></expan><abbr>dist<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY do-point-dominum “<choice><expan>do<ex>minum</ex></expan><abbr>do<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ecc-i-suscrit-ecclesiasticus “<choice><expan>ecc<ex>les</ex>i<ex>asticus</ex></expan><abbr>ecc<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY el-tilde-eleison “<choice><expan>el<ex>eison</ex></expan><abbr>el<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-tilde-etiam “<choice><expan>et<ex>iam</ex></expan><abbr>et<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eug-tilde-euangelio “<choice><expan>eu<ex>an</ex>g<ex>elio</ex></expan><abbr>eug<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY febr-tilde-februario “<choice><expan>febr<ex>uario</ex></expan><abbr>febr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fest-tilde-festiuitate “<choice><expan>fest<ex>iuitate</ex></expan><abbr>fest<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ge-point-gemitum “<choice><expan>ge<ex>mitum</ex></expan><abbr>ge<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ge-point-generatione “<choice><expan>ge<ex>neratione</ex></expan><abbr>ge<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ge-point-generationem “<choice><expan>ge<ex>nerationem</ex></expan><abbr>ge<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gen-tilde-genesis “<choice><expan>gen<ex>nesis</ex></expan><abbr>ge<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ianuar-tilde-ianuarias “<choice><expan>ianuar<ex>ias</ex></expan><abbr>ianuar<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ian-tilde-ianuario “<choice><expan>ian<ex>uario</ex></expan><abbr>ian<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY in-tilde-inde “<choice><expan>in<ex>de</ex></expan><abbr>in<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY indic-tilde-indictione “<choice><expan>indic<ex>tione</ex></expan><abbr>indic<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ini-point-inimici “<choice><expan>ini<ex>mici</ex></expan><abbr>ini<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY io-point-iohanne “<choice><expan>io<ex>hanne</ex></expan><abbr>io<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY io-point-iohannes “<choice><expan>io<ex>hannes</ex></expan><abbr>io<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ip-point-ipse “<choice><expan>ip<ex>se</ex></expan><abbr>ip<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY iudic-tilde-iudices “<choice><expan>iudic<ex>es</ex></expan><abbr>iudic<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-laudes “<choice><expan>l<ex>audes</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-laudibus “<choice><expan>l<ex>audibus</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY la-point-lapides “<choice><expan>la<ex>pides</ex></expan><abbr>la<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY matut-point-matutinum “<choice><expan>ma<ex>tutinum</ex></expan><abbr>matut<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY miss-tilde-missione “<choice><expan>miss<ex>ione</ex></expan><abbr>miss<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY no-point-nostris “<choice><expan>no<ex>stris</ex></expan><abbr>no<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY no-point-nota “<choice><expan>no<ex>ta</ex></expan><abbr>no<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nobil-tilde-nobilium “<choice><expan>nobil<ex>ium</ex></expan><abbr>nobil<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY noc-point-nocturno “<choice><expan>noc<ex>turno</ex></expan><abbr>noc<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY non-tilde-nonas “<choice><expan>non<ex>as</ex></expan><abbr>non<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nos-point-nostrum “<choice><expan>nos<ex>trum</ex></expan><abbr>nos<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY oct-tilde-octaua “<choice><expan>oct<ex>aua</ex></expan><abbr>oct<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ord-tilde-ordinis “<choice><expan>ord<ex>inis</ex></expan><abbr>ord<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-point-plurimam “<choice><expan>p<ex>lurimam</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pa-point-patris “<choice><expan>pa<ex>tris</ex></expan><abbr>pa<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pau-point-paucitatem “<choice><expan>pau<ex>citatem</ex></expan><abbr>pau<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pe-point-petri “<choice><expan>pe<ex>tri</ex></expan><abbr>pe<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pont-tilde-pontifice “<choice><expan>pont<ex>ifice</ex></expan><abbr>pont<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pot-tilde-potest “<choice><expan>pot<ex>est</ex></expan><abbr>pot<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ps-tilde-psalmus “<choice><expan>ps<ex>almus</ex></expan><abbr>ps<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY rel-tilde-relicta “<choice><expan>rel<ex>icta</ex></expan><abbr>rel<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sal-point-salutem “<choice><expan>sal<ex>utem</ex></expan><abbr>sal<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sal-tilde-salutem “<choice><expan>sal<ex>utem</ex></expan><abbr>sal<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY salt-tilde-salutem “<choice><expan>sal<ex>u</ex>t<ex>em</ex></expan><abbr>salt<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scin-point-scintille “<choice><expan>scin<ex>tille</ex></expan><abbr>scin<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY secular-tilde-seculares “<choice><expan>secular<ex>es</ex></expan><abbr>secular<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tha-point-thalamo “<choice><expan>tha<ex>lamo</ex></expan><abbr>tha<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY uen-tilde-uenerabili “<choice><expan>uen<ex>erabili</ex></expan><abbr>uen<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY uigl-tilde-uigilia “<choice><expan>uig<ex>i</ex>l<ex>ia</ex></expan><abbr>uigl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ui-point-uineas “<choice><expan>ui<ex>neas</ex></expan><abbr>ui<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY un-tilde-unde “<choice><expan>un<ex>de</ex></expan><abbr>un<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ysa-point-ysaias “<choice><expan>ysa<ex>ias</ex></expan><abbr>ysa<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– SUSPENSIONS SYLLABIQUES –>
<!ENTITY bn-tilde-benedicite “<choice><expan>b<ex>e</ex>n<ex>edicite</ex></expan><abbr>bn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bn-tilde-benedictionem “<choice><expan>b<ex>e</ex>n<ex>edictionem</ex></expan><abbr>bn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dd-tilde-danda “<choice><expan>d<ex>an</ex>d<ex>a</ex></expan><abbr>dd<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gg-gregori “<choice><expan>g<ex>re</ex>g<ex>ori</ex></expan><abbr>gg<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY psl-tilde-psalmorum “<choice><expan>ps<ex>a</ex>l<ex>morum</ex></expan><abbr>psl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ms-tilde-mense “<choice><expan>m<ex>en</ex>s<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>ms<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-tilde-pape “<choice><expan>p<ex>a</ex>p<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>pp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qr-tilde-quare “<choice><expan>q<ex>ua</ex>r<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>qr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sn-tilde-sine “<choice><expan>s<ex>i</ex>n<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>sn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tm-tilde-tamen “<choice><expan>t<ex>a</ex>m<ex>en</ex></expan><abbr>tm<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tpr-tilde-tempore “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>o</ex>r<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>tpr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tpr-tilde-tempora “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>o</ex>r<ex>a</ex></expan><abbr>tpr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– ABREVIATIONS PAR CONTRACTION –>
<!– RADICAUX –>
<!ENTITY a-i-suscrit-ali “<choice><expan>a<ex>l</ex>i</expan><abbr>a<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-tilde-anim “<choice><expan>a<ex>nim</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY acc-tilde-accus “<choice><expan>acc<ex>us</ex></expan><abbr>acc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY affo-afforis “<choice><expan>affo<ex>ris</ex></expan><abbr>affo</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY affo-afforismo “<choice><expan>affo<ex>rismo</ex></expan><abbr>affo</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ai-tilde-anim “<choice><expan>a<ex>n</ex>i<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr>ai<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY angl-tilde-angel “<choice><expan>ang<ex>e</ex>l</expan><abbr>angl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY angl-tilde-angelu “<choice><expan>ang<ex>e</ex>lu</expan><abbr>angl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-ann “<choice><expan>a<ex>nn</ex></expan><abbr>a</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY antiph-tilde-antiphon “<choice><expan>antiph<ex>on</ex></expan><abbr>antiph<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY apl-tilde-apostol “<choice><expan>ap<ex>osto</ex>l</expan><abbr>apl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY apl-tilde-apostolu “<choice><expan>ap<ex>osto</ex>lu</expan><abbr>apl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY appo-appoplexi “<choice><expan>appo<ex>plexi</ex></expan><abbr>appo</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY assup-assumpti “<choice><expan>assu<ex>m</ex>p<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>assup</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY auct-tilde-auctoritat “<choice><expan>auct<ex>oritate</ex></expan><abbr>auct<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY aucto-a-suscrit-auctorita “<choice><expan>aucto<ex>rit</ex>a</expan><abbr>aucto<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-bernard “<choice><expan>b<ex>ernard</ex></expan><abbr>b</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-tilde-beat “<choice><expan>b<ex>eat</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-tilde-beatu “<choice><expan>b<ex>eatu</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bt-tilde-beat “<choice><expan>b<ex>ea</ex>t</expan><abbr>bt<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-tilde-caus “<choice><expan>c<ex>aus</ex></expan><abbr>c<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ca-capitul “<choice><expan>ca<ex>pitul</ex></expan><abbr>ca</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cap-capitul “<choice><expan>cap<ex>itul</ex></expan><abbr>cap</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY capl-tilde-capitul “<choice><expan>cap<ex>itu</ex>l</expan><abbr>capl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY capl-tilde-capitulu “<choice><expan>cap<ex>itu</ex>l<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>capl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY coi-tilde-communi “<choice><expan>co<ex>mmun</ex>i</expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am>i</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY comu-com-tironien-commun “<choice><expan>com<ex>m</ex>u<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝯu</am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY comun-com-tironien-communi “<choice><expan>com<ex>m</ex>u<ex>n</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ꝯui</am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY confo-tilde-confessio “<choice><expan>conf<ex>essi</ex>o</expan><abbr>confo<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cupi-tilde-cupiscienti “<choice><expan>cupi<ex>scienti</ex></expan><abbr>cupi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-de “<choice><expan>d<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-deb “<choice><expan>d<ex>eb</ex></expan><abbr>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-deu “<choice><expan>d<ex>eu</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-domin “<choice><expan>d<ex>omin</ex></expan><abbr>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-dominu “<choice><expan>d<ex>ominu</ex></expan><abbr>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dc-tilde-dict “<choice><expan>d<ex>i</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>dc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dc-tilde-dicti “<choice><expan>d<ex>i</ex>c<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>dc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dc-tilde-dictu “<choice><expan>d<ex>i</ex>c<ex>tu</ex></expan><abbr>dc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dicen-tilde-dicenti “<choice><expan>dicen<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>dicen<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY digni-dignita “<choice><expan>digni<ex>ta</ex></expan><abbr>digni</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dn-tilde-domin “<choice><expan>d<ex>omi</ex>n</expan><abbr>dn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dn-tilde-dominu “<choice><expan>d<ex>omi</ex>n<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>dn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY do-domin “<choice><expan>do<ex>min</ex></expan><abbr>do</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY do-tilde-domin “<choice><expan>do<ex>min</ex></expan><abbr>do<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY do-dominu “<choice><expan>do<ex>minu</ex></expan><abbr>do</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY duc-ducti “<choice><expan>duc<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>duc</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ecc-eccles “<choice><expan>ecc<ex>les</ex></expan><abbr>ecc</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ecc-ecclesi “<choice><expan>ecc<ex>lesi</ex></expan><abbr>ecc</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eccl-tilde-eccles “<choice><expan>eccl<ex>es</ex></expan><abbr>eccl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eccl-tilde-ecclesi “<choice><expan>eccl<ex>esi</ex></expan><abbr>eccl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ęccl-tilde-ęcclesi “<choice><expan>ęccl<ex>esi</ex></expan><abbr>ęccl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ee-tilde-esse “<choice><expan>e<ex>ss</ex>e</expan><abbr>ee<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY efficass-tilde-efficacissim “<choice><expan>effica<ex>ci</ex>ss<ex>im</ex></expan><abbr>efficass<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY elc-tilde-elect “<choice><expan>el<ex>e</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>elc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY emin-tilde-eminenti “<choice><expan>emin<ex>enti</ex></expan><abbr>emin<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ep-tilde-episcop “<choice><expan>ep<ex>iscop</ex></expan><abbr>ep<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ep-tilde-episcopu “<choice><expan>ep<ex>iscopu</ex></expan><abbr>ep<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY epl-tilde-epistul “<choice><expan>ep<ex>istu</ex>l</expan><abbr>epl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eugl-tilde-euangel “<choice><expan>eu<ex>an</ex>g<ex>e</ex>l</expan><abbr>eugl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eugl-tilde-euangeli “<choice><expan>eu<ex>an</ex>g<ex>e</ex>l<ex>i</ex></expan><abbr>eugl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY eugl-tilde-euangeliu “<choice><expan>eu<ex>an</ex>g<ex>e</ex>l<ex>iu</ex></expan><abbr>eugl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ex-exempl “<choice><expan>ex<ex>empl</ex></expan><abbr>ex</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY exem-exempl “<choice><expan>exem<ex>pl</ex></expan><abbr>exem</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY f-tilde-fier “<choice><expan>f<ex>ier</ex></expan><abbr>f<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-fac “<choice><expan>f<ex>a</ex>c</expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-fact “<choice><expan>f<ex>a</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-factu “<choice><expan>f<ex>a</ex>c<ex>tu</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-fect “<choice><expan>f<ex>e</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-fecti “<choice><expan>f<ex>e</ex>c<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fc-tilde-fectu “<choice><expan>f<ex>e</ex>c<ex>tu</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fct-tilde-factu “<choice><expan>f<ex>a</ex>ct<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>fc<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY flui-tilde-flumin “<choice><expan>flu<ex>m</ex>i<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>flu<am>̃</am>i</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fo-tilde-fessio “<choice><expan>f<ex>essi</ex>o</expan><abbr>fo<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fr-tilde-fratr “<choice><expan>fr<ex>atr</ex></expan><abbr>fr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fr-tilde-fratre “<choice><expan>fr<ex>atre</ex></expan><abbr>fr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY fr-tilde-fratru “<choice><expan>fr<ex>atru</ex></expan><abbr>fr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY g-tilde-gente “<choice><expan>g<ex>ente</ex></expan><abbr>g<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY g-tilde-grati “<choice><expan>g<ex>rati</ex></expan><abbr>g<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gi-gimen “<choice><expan>gi<ex>men</ex></expan><abbr>gi</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gl-tilde-glor “<choice><expan>gl<ex>or</ex></expan><abbr>gl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gl-tilde-glori “<choice><expan>gl<ex>ori</ex></expan><abbr>gl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gn-tilde-gener “<choice><expan>g<ex>e</ex>n<ex>er</ex></expan><abbr>gn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gn-tilde-generation “<choice><expan>g<ex>e</ex>n<ex>eration</ex></expan><abbr>gn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gn-tilde-gente “<choice><expan>g<ex>e</ex>n<ex>te</ex></expan><abbr>gn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gno-tilde-generatio “<choice><expan>g<ex>e</ex>n<ex>erati</ex>o</expan><abbr>gn<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gno-tilde-generation “<choice><expan>g<ex>e</ex>n<ex>erati</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>gn<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gr-tilde-grati “<choice><expan>gr<ex>ati</ex></expan><abbr>gr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY gt-tilde-gente “<choice><expan>g<ex>en</ex>t<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>gt<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY guill-tilde-guillelmu “<choice><expan>guill<ex>elmu</ex></expan><abbr>guill<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-hab “<choice><expan>h<ex>ab</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-habe “<choice><expan>h<ex>abe</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-hib “<choice><expan>h<ex>ib</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ho-tilde-homo “<choice><expan>h<ex>om</ex>o</expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ho-tilde-homin “<choice><expan>ho<ex>min</ex></expan><abbr>ho<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ho-tilde-hominu “<choice><expan>ho<ex>minu</ex></expan><abbr>ho<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hoi-tilde-homin “<choice><expan>ho<ex>m</ex>i<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>hoi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hoi-tilde-hominu “<choice><expan>ho<ex>m</ex>i<ex>nu</ex></expan><abbr>hoi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hom-tilde-homin “<choice><expan>hom<ex>in</ex></expan><abbr>hom<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hr-tilde-here “<choice><expan>h<ex>e</ex>r<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>hr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ih-tilde-ies “<choice><expan>i<ex>es</ex></expan><abbr>ih<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ih-tilde-iesu “<choice><expan>i<ex>esu</ex></expan><abbr>ih<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-i-suscrit-ibi “<choice><expan>i<ex>b</ex>i</expan><abbr>i<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ioh-tilde-iohann “<choice><expan>ioh<ex>ann</ex></expan><abbr>ioh<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ioh-tilde-iohanne “<choice><expan>ioh<ex>anne</ex></expan><abbr>ioh<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ip-ips “<choice><expan>ip<ex>s</ex></expan><abbr>ip</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ip-tilde-ips “<choice><expan>ip<ex>s</ex></expan><abbr>ip<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ip-tilde-ipsu “<choice><expan>ip<ex>su</ex></expan><abbr>ip<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY it-tilde-iteru “<choice><expan>it<ex>eru</ex></expan><abbr>it<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY iusti-tilde-iustiti “<choice><expan>iusti</expan><abbr>iusti<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY kl-tilde-kalend “<choice><expan>k<ex>a</ex>l<ex>end</ex></expan><abbr>kl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY km-tilde-karissim “<choice><expan>k<ex>arissi</ex>m</expan><abbr>km<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lc-tilde-lect “<choice><expan>l<ex>e</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>lc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lc-tilde-lecti “<choice><expan>l<ex>e</ex>c<ex>ti</ex></expan><abbr>lc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-lectio “<choice><expan>l<ex>ectio</ex></expan><abbr>lc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lc-tilde-lectio “<choice><expan>l<ex>e</ex>c<ex>tio</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lc-tilde-lectu “<choice><expan>l<ex>e</ex>c<ex>tu</ex></expan><abbr>lc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY li-libr “<choice><expan>li<ex>br</ex></expan><abbr>li</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lui-tilde-lumin “<choice><expan>lu<ex>m</ex>i<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>lui<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-maxim “<choice><expan>m<ex>axim</ex></expan><abbr>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-tilde-me “<choice><expan>m<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-tilde-meu “<choice><expan>m<ex>eu</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-tilde-miseri “<choice><expan>m<ex>iseri</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-tilde-mod “<choice><expan>m<ex>od</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY magr-tilde-magistr “<choice><expan>mag<ex>ist</ex>r</expan><abbr>magr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY magr-tilde-magistru “<choice><expan>mag<ex>ist</ex>r<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>magr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY math-tilde-matheu “<choice><expan>math<ex>eu</ex></expan><abbr>math<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY me-medici “<choice><expan>me<ex>dici</ex></expan><abbr>me</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mi-min “<choice><expan>m<ex>in</ex></expan><abbr>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mi-tilde-misericordi “<choice><expan>mi<ex>sericordi</ex></expan><abbr>mi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY milli-tilde-millesim “<choice><expan>mill<ex>es</ex>i<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr>milli<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY miscdi-tilde-misericordi “<choice><expan>mis<ex>eri</ex>c<ex>or</ex>di</expan><abbr>miscdi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mo-mod “<choice><expan>mo<ex>d</ex></expan><abbr>mo</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mr-tilde-martir “<choice><expan>m<ex>arti</ex>r</expan><abbr>mr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mr-tilde-matr “<choice><expan>m<ex>at</ex>r</expan><abbr>mr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-tilde-nome “<choice><expan>n<ex>ome</ex></expan><abbr>n<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-tilde-sp-ur-natur “<choice><expan>n<ex>atur</ex></expan><abbr>n<am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nec-tilde-neccessari “<choice><expan>nec<ex>essari</ex></expan><abbr>nec<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY necc-tilde-neccessari “<choice><expan>nec<surplus>c</surplus><ex>essari</ex></expan><abbr>necc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY no-tilde-nomin “<choice><expan>no<ex>min</ex></expan><abbr>no<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY noi-tilde-nomin “<choice><expan>no<ex>m</ex>i<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>noi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nr-tilde-noster “<choice><expan>n<ex>oste</ex>r</expan><abbr>nr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nr-tilde-nostr “<choice><expan>n<ex>ost</ex>r</expan><abbr>nr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nr-tilde-nostru “<choice><expan>n<ex>ost</ex>r<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>nr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nr-tilde-nostra “<choice><expan>n<ex>ost</ex>r<ex>a</ex></expan><abbr>nr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nu-tilde-numer “<choice><expan>nu<ex>mer</ex></expan><abbr>nu<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nu-tilde-numeru “<choice><expan>nu<ex>meru</ex></expan><abbr>nu<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-tilde-omn “<choice><expan>o<ex>mn</ex></expan><abbr>o<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-tilde-omne “<choice><expan>o<ex>mne</ex></expan><abbr>o<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-tilde-oste “<choice><expan>o<ex>ste</ex></expan><abbr>o<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ob-tilde-obedient “<choice><expan>ob<ex>edient</ex></expan><abbr>ob<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ob-tilde-obiect “<choice><expan>ob<ex>iect</ex></expan><abbr>ob<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ob-tilde-obiectu “<choice><expan>ob<ex>iectu</ex></expan><abbr>ob<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY obl-tilde-oblat “<choice><expan>obl<ex>at</ex></expan><abbr>obl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ocl-tilde-ocul “<choice><expan>oc<ex>u</ex>l</expan><abbr>ocl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY occl-tilde-occul “<choice><expan>occ<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>occl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ocl-tilde-oculu “<choice><expan>oc<ex>u</ex>lu</expan><abbr>ocl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY oi-tilde-omnin “<choice><expan>o<ex>mn</ex>i<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>oi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY oi-tilde-omniu “<choice><expan>o<ex>mn</ex>i<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>oi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY om-tilde-omn “<choice><expan>om<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>om<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY om-tilde-omne “<choice><expan>om<ex>ne</ex></expan><abbr>om<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY om-tilde-omni “<choice><expan>om<ex>ni</ex></expan><abbr>om<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY or-tilde-orati “<choice><expan>or<ex>ati</ex></expan><abbr>or<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY oro-tilde-oration “<choice><expan>or<ex>ati</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>or<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY oro-tilde-oratione “<choice><expan>or<ex>ati</ex>o<ex>ne</ex></expan><abbr>or<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-pate “<choice><expan>p<ex>ate</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pac-tilde-pacienc “<choice><expan>pac<ex>ienc</ex></expan><abbr>pac<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pn-tilde-presen “<choice><expan>p<ex>rese</ex>n</expan><abbr>pn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pr-tilde-patr “<choice><expan>p<ex>at</ex>r</expan><abbr>pr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-pre-br-tilde-presbiteru “<choice><expan>p<ex>res</ex>b<ex>ite</ex>r<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr><am></am>br<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pbr-tilde-presbiteru “<choice><expan>p<ex>res</ex>b<ex>ite</ex>r<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>pbr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pc-tilde-pecca “<choice><expan>p<ex>e</ex>c<ex>ca</ex></expan><abbr>pc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pcc-tilde-pecc “<choice><expan>p<ex>e</ex>cc</expan><abbr>pcc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pcc-tilde-peccat “<choice><expan>p<ex>e</ex>cc<ex>at</ex></expan><abbr>pcc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pcc-tilde-peccatu “<choice><expan>p<ex>e</ex>cc<ex>atu</ex></expan><abbr>pcc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pecc-tilde-peccat “<choice><expan>pecc<ex>at</ex></expan><abbr>pecc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pecc-tilde-peccatu “<choice><expan>pecc<ex>atu</ex></expan><abbr>pecc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pen-tilde-penitent “<choice><expan>pen<ex>itent</ex></expan><abbr>pen<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pn-tilde-penitent “<choice><expan>p<ex>e</ex>n<ex>itent</ex></expan><abbr>pn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-popul “<choice><expan>p<ex>o</ex>p<ex>ul</ex></expan><abbr>pp</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ppl-tilde-popul “<choice><expan>p<ex>o</ex>p<ex>u</ex>l</expan><abbr>ppl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ppl-tilde-populu “<choice><expan>p<ex>o</ex>p<ex>u</ex>l<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>ppl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY popl-tilde-popul “<choice><expan>pop<ex>u</ex>l</expan><abbr>popl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY popl-tilde-populu “<choice><expan>pop<ex>u</ex>l<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>popl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY poi-tilde-posi “<choice><expan>po<ex>s</ex>i</expan><abbr>poi<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY poit-tilde-posit “<choice><expan>po<ex>s</ex>it</expan><abbr>poi<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY posso-tilde-possessio “<choice><expan>poss<ex>essi</ex>o</expan><abbr>posso<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY posso-tilde-possession “<choice><expan>poss<ex>essi</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>posso<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pra-tilde-presta “<choice><expan>pr<ex>est</ex>a</expan><abbr>pr<am>̃</am>a</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pronosti-p-barré-pronostican “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>nosti<ex>can</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝓ</am>nosti</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY proph-tilde-prophet “<choice><expan>proph<ex>et</ex></expan><abbr>proph<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY proph-p-barré-tilde-prophet “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>ph<ex>et</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝓ</am>ph<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ps-tilde-potens “<choice><expan>p<ex>oten</ex>s</expan><abbr>ps<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pu-tilde-pueru “<choice><expan>pu<ex>ueru</ex></expan><abbr>pu<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY rc-tilde-recti “<choice><expan>r<ex>e</ex>c<ex>t</ex>i</expan><abbr>rc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ro-tilde-ratio “<choice><expan>r<ex>ati</ex>o</expan><abbr>ro<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ro-tilde-ratione “<choice><expan>r<ex>ati</ex>o<ex>ne</ex></expan><abbr>ro<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sab-tilde-sabba “<choice><expan>sab<ex>ba</ex></expan><abbr>sab<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sacr-tilde-sacramentu “<choice><expan>sacr<ex>amentu</ex></expan><abbr>sacr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sap-tilde-sapient “<choice><expan>sap<ex>ent</ex></expan><abbr>sap<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sb-tilde-subiect “<choice><expan>s<ex>u</ex>b<ex>iect</ex></expan><abbr>sb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sb-tilde-subiectu “<choice><expan>s<ex>u</ex>b<ex>iectu</ex></expan><abbr>sb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sb-tilde-substanti “<choice><expan>s<ex>u</ex>b<ex>stanti</ex></expan><abbr>sb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scl-tilde-secul “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>c<ex>u</ex>l</expan><abbr>scl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scl-tilde-seculu “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>c<ex>u</ex>l<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>scl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sc-tilde-sanct “<choice><expan>s<ex>an</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>sc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sc-tilde-sanctu “<choice><expan>s<ex>an</ex>c<ex>tu</ex></expan><abbr>sc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sci-tilde-scienti “<choice><expan>sci<ex>enti</ex></expan><abbr>sci<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sigca-tilde-significa “<choice><expan>sig<ex>nifi</ex>ca</expan><abbr>sigc<am>̃a</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sil-tilde-simul “<choice><expan>si<ex>mu</ex>l</expan><abbr>sil<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sil-tilde-simil “<choice><expan>si<ex>mi</ex>l</expan><abbr>sil<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sn-tilde-sentent “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>n<ex>tent</ex></expan><abbr>sn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY spc-tilde-spect “<choice><expan>sp<ex>e</ex>c<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>spc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sp-tilde-spirit “<choice><expan>sp<ex>irit</ex></expan><abbr>sp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sp-tilde-spiritu “<choice><expan>sp<ex>iritu</ex></expan><abbr>sp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY spa-tilde-specia “<choice><expan>sp<ex>eci</ex>a</expan><abbr>spa<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY steph-tilde-stephan “<choice><expan>steph<ex>an</ex></expan><abbr>steph<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sub-tilde-substant “<choice><expan>sub<ex>stant</ex></expan><abbr>sub<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY test-testament “<choice><expan>t<ex>estament</ex></expan><abbr>test<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY test-tilde-testimoniu “<choice><expan>test<ex>imoniu</ex></expan><abbr>test<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY testio-tilde-testimoni “<choice><expan>testi<ex>m</ex>o<ex>ni</ex></expan><abbr>testio<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tp-tilde-tempor “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>or</ex></expan><abbr>tp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tp-p-barré-tempor “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>or</ex></expan><abbr>t<am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tp-tilde-temp “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p</expan><abbr>tp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tp-tilde-tempo “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>o</ex></expan><abbr>tp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tp-tilde-tempu “<choice><expan>t<ex>em</ex>p<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>tp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ul-tilde-uel “<choice><expan>u<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>ul<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ur-tilde-uestr “<choice><expan>u<ex>est</ex>r</expan><abbr>ur<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ur-tilde-uester “<choice><expan>u<ex>este</ex>r</expan><abbr>ur<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ur-tilde-uestru “<choice><expan>u<ex>est</ex>ru</expan><abbr>ur<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY xp-tilde-Christ “<choice><expan>Chr<ex>ist</ex></expan><abbr>xp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY xp-tilde-Christu “<choice><expan>Chr<ex>istu</ex></expan><abbr>xp<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– SANS RADICAL –>
<!ENTITY aid-i-suscrit-aliud “<choice><expan>a<ex>l</ex>i<ex>u</ex>d</expan><abbr>a<am>ͥ</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY alla-tilde-alleluia “<choice><expan>all<ex>elui</ex>a</expan><abbr>all<am>̃</am>a</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dd-tilde-dauid “<choice><expan>d<ex>aui</ex>d</expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dnr-tilde-dicuntur “<choice><expan>d<ex>icu</ex>n<ex>tu</ex>r</expan><abbr>dnr<am>̃</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dr-tilde-dicitur “<choice><expan>d<ex>icitu</ex>r</expan><abbr>dr<am>̃</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hc-tilde-hunc “<choice><expan>h<ex>un</ex>c</expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am>c</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ierlm-tilde-ierusalem “<choice><expan>ier<ex>usa</ex>l<ex>e</ex>m</expan><abbr>ierl<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ihrlm-tilde-ierusalem “<choice><expan>ier<ex>usa</ex>l<ex>e</ex>m</expan><abbr>ihrl<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY iherlm-tilde-ierusalem “<choice><expan>ier<ex>usa</ex>l<ex>e</ex>m</expan><abbr>ihrl<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY irlm-tilde-ierusalem “<choice><expan>i<ex>e</ex>r<ex>usa</ex>l<ex>e</ex>m</expan><abbr>irl<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY isrl-tilde-israhel “<choice><expan>isr<ex>ahe</ex>l</expan><abbr>isr<am>̃</am>l</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY kl-tilde-kalendas “<choice><expan>k<ex>a</ex>l<ex>endas</ex></expan><abbr>kl<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY kls-tilde-kalendas “<choice><expan>k<ex>a</ex>l<ex>enda</ex>s</expan><abbr>kls<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY loqr-tilde-loquitur “<choice><expan>loq<ex>uitu</ex>r</expan><abbr>loq<am>̃</am>r</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY mli-tilde-mediolani “<choice><expan>m<ex>edio</ex>l<ex>an</ex>i</expan><abbr>mli<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pphis-p-barré-tilde-prophetis “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>ph<ex>et</ex>is</expan><abbr>ꝓph<am>̃</am>is</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sabbi-tilde-sabbati “<choice><expan>sabb<ex>at</ex>i</expan><abbr>sabb<am>̃</am>i</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sabbo-tilde-sabbato “<choice><expan>sabb<ex>at</ex>o</expan><abbr>sabb<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ur-tilde-uidetur “<choice><expan>u<ex>idetu</ex>r</expan><abbr>ur<am>̃</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scr-tilde-secreta “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>cr<ex>eta</ex></expan><abbr>sc<am>̃</am>r</abbr></choice>”>

<!– PARTIE DE MOT –>
<!– terminaison: par contraction –>
<!ENTITY bo-tilde-butio “<choice><expan>b<ex>uti</ex>o</expan><abbr>bo<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY br-tilde-bitur “<choice><expan>b<ex>itu</ex>r</expan><abbr>br<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bt-tilde-bunt “<choice><expan>b<ex>un</ex>t</expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-tilde-sp-ur-ciatur “<choice><expan>c<ex>iatur</ex></expan><abbr>c<am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cr-tilde-citur “<choice><expan>c<ex>itu</ex>r</expan><abbr>cr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dr-tilde-ditur “<choice><expan>d<ex>itu</ex>r</expan><abbr>dr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dr-tilde-sp-ur-ditur “<choice><expan>d<ex>itu</ex>r</expan><abbr>dr<am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY dt-tilde-dunt “<choice><expan>d<ex>un</ex>t</expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lo-tilde-latio “<choice><expan>l<ex>ati</ex>o</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lr-tilde-liter “<choice><expan>l<ex>ite</ex>r</expan><abbr>lr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY lr-tilde-iliter “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>l<ex>ite</ex>r</expan><abbr>lr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-i-suscrit-r-quitur “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>i<ex>tu</ex>r</expan><abbr>q<am>ͥ</am>r</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY rt-tilde-runt “<choice><expan>r<ex>un</ex>t</expan><abbr>r<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY st-tilde-sunt “<choice><expan>s<ex>un</ex>t</expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!– terminaison: par suspension –>
<!ENTITY n-tilde-ensis “<choice><expan><ex>e</ex>n<ex>sis</ex></expan><abbr>n<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-abitur “<choice><expan><ex>abitur</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-bant “<choice><expan><ex>bant</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-cerunt “<choice><expan><ex>cerunt</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-dabant “<choice><expan><ex>dabant</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-dabit “<choice><expan><ex>dabit</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-dasti “<choice><expan><ex>dasti</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-ducaui “<choice><expan><ex>ducaui</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-nauerunt “<choice><expan><ex>nauerunt</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-os “<choice><expan><ex>os</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-ras “<choice><expan><ex>ras</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-rendi “<choice><expan><ex>rendi</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-sereberis “<choice><expan><ex>sereberis</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-ses “<choice><expan><ex>ses</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-tabuntur “<choice><expan><ex>tabuntur</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-tas “<choice><expan><ex>tas</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-tate “<choice><expan><ex>tate</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-tauerunt “<choice><expan><ex>tauerunt</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-tionis “<choice><expan><ex>tionis</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-titia “<choice><expan><ex>titia</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-uat “<choice><expan><ex>uat</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-simple-uiant “<choice><expan><ex>uiant</ex></expan><abbr><am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-anensis “<choice><expan><ex>anensis</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ate “<choice><expan><ex>ate</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-atorum “<choice><expan><ex>atorum</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-audi “<choice><expan><ex>audi</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-nauit “<choice><expan><ex>nauit</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-elio “<choice><expan><ex>elio</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ensem “<choice><expan><ex>ensem</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ensi “<choice><expan><ex>ensi</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ensis “<choice><expan><ex>ensis</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-entum “<choice><expan><ex>entum</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-erit “<choice><expan><ex>erit</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-esis “<choice><expan><ex>esis</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-it “<choice><expan><ex>it</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-i “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-il “<choice><expan><ex>il</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-inasti “<choice><expan><ex>inasti</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-inatur “<choice><expan><ex>inatur</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-is “<choice><expan><ex>is</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ium “<choice><expan><ex>ium</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-onensem “<choice><expan><ex>onensem</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-rum “<choice><expan><ex>rum</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-ar “<choice><expan><ex>ar</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-sis “<choice><expan><ex>sis</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ta “<choice><expan><ex>ta</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-uam “<choice><expan><ex>uam</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-uis “<choice><expan><ex>uis</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-ut “<choice><expan><ex>ut</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-unt “<choice><expan><ex>unt</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-uum “<choice><expan><ex>uum</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-tilde-sp-ur-tur “<choice><expan><ex>tur</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– à l’intérieur –>
<!ENTITY cco-tilde-cacion “<choice><expan>c<ex>a</ex>c<ex>i</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>cco<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tilde-catio “<choice><expan>c<ex>ati</ex>o</expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tilde-cio “<choice><expan>c<ex>i</ex>o</expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tilde-cion “<choice><expan>c<ex>i</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tilde-cione “<choice><expan>c<ex>i</ex>o<ex>ne</ex></expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tilde-ctio “<choice><expan>c<ex>ti</ex>o</expan><abbr>co<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY to-tilde-tio “<choice><expan>t<ex>i</ex>o</expan><abbr>to<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY to-tilde-tion “<choice><expan>t<ex>i</ex>o<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr>to<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBES, PRONOMS –>
<!– par suspension –>
<!ENTITY a-tilde-at “<choice><expan>a<ex>t</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-tilde-autem “<choice><expan>a<ex>utem</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY an-tilde-ante “<choice><expan>an<ex>te</ex></expan><abbr>an<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY at-tilde-autem “<choice><expan>a<ex>u</ex>t<ex>em</ex></expan><abbr>a<am>̃</am>t</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY au-tilde-autem “<choice><expan>au<ex>tem</ex></expan><abbr>au<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY aut-tilde-autem “<choice><expan>aut<ex>em</ex></expan><abbr>aut<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY bn-tilde-bene “<choice><expan>b<ex>e</ex>n<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>bn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ei-tilde-enim “<choice><expan>e<ex>n</ex>i<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr>ei<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-hoc “<choice><expan>h<ex>oc</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-tilde-me “<choice><expan>m<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>m<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nb-tilde-nobis “<choice><expan>n<ex>o</ex>b<ex>is</ex></expan><abbr>nb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-tilde-propter “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>p<ex>ter</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>̃</am>p</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-barré-propter “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>p<ex>ter</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-pro-tilde-propter “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex>p<ex>ter</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝓ</am>p<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qn-tilde-quando “<choice><expan>q<ex>ua</ex>n<ex>do</ex></expan><abbr>qn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qn-tilde-quoniam “<choice><expan>q<ex>uo</ex>n<ex>iam</ex></expan><abbr>qn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scd-tilde-secundum “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>c<ex>un</ex>d<ex>um</ex></expan><abbr>scd<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scd-tilde-secundu “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>c<ex>un</ex>d<ex>u</ex></expan><abbr>scd<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY scd-tilde-secund “<choice><expan>s<ex>e</ex>c<ex>un</ex>d</expan><abbr>scd<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sp-p-barré-semper “<choice><expan>s<ex>em</ex>p<ex>er</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-sua “<choice><expan>s<ex>ua</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-tilde-suo “<choice><expan>s<ex>uo</ex></expan><abbr>s<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– par contraction –>
<!ENTITY io-tilde-ideo “<choice><expan>i<ex>de</ex>o</expan><abbr>io<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY nc-tilde-nunc “<choice><expan>n<ex>un</ex>c</expan><abbr>nc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qd-tilde-quod “<choice><expan>q<ex>uo</ex>d</expan><abbr>q<am>̃</am>d</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qm-tilde-quem “<choice><expan>q<ex>ue</ex>m</expan><abbr>q<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qm-tilde-quantum “<choice><expan>q<ex>uantu</ex>m</expan><abbr>q<am>̃</am>m</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qm-tilde-quoniam “<choice><expan>q<ex>uonia</ex>m</expan><abbr>qm<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qmo-tilde-quomodo “<choice><expan>q<ex>uo</ex>m<ex>od</ex>o</expan><abbr>qm<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qs-tilde-quatenus “<choice><expan>q<ex>uatenu</ex>s</expan><abbr>qs<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY quo-tilde-quomodo “<choice><expan>qu<ex>omod</ex>o</expan><abbr>qu<am>̃</am>o</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sb-tilde-sub “<choice><expan>s<ex>u</ex>b</expan><abbr>sb<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY sr-tilde-super “<choice><expan>s<ex>upe</ex>r</expan><abbr>sr<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tc-tilde-tunc “<choice><expan>t<ex>un</ex>c</expan><abbr>tc<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tm-tilde-tantum “<choice><expan>t<ex>antu</ex>m</expan><abbr>tm<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tn-tilde-tamen “<choice><expan>t<ex>ame</ex>n</expan><abbr>tn<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY uo-tilde-uero “<choice><expan>u<ex>er</ex>o</expan><abbr>uo<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– ABREVIATIONS PAR LETTRES SUSCRITES –>
<!– mot entier –>
<!ENTITY an-a-suscrit-anathomia “<choice><expan>an<ex>athomi</ex>a</expan><abbr>an<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-us-cuius “<choice><expan>c<ex>uius</ex></expan><abbr>c<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY con-tironien-a-suscrit-contra “<choice><expan>con<ex>tr</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY con-tironien-v-suscrit-conspectu “<choice><expan>con<ex>spect</ex>u</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am><am>ͮ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-us-eius “<choice><expan>e<ex>ius</ex></expan><abbr>e<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ecc-a-suscrit-ecclesia “<choice><expan>ecc<ex>lesi</ex>a</expan><abbr>ecc<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ecc-e-suscrit-ecclesie “<choice><expan>ecc<ex>lesi</ex>e</expan><abbr>ecc<am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-us-huius “<choice><expan>h<ex>ui</ex>us</expan><abbr>h<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hi-us-huius “<choice><expan>h<ex>ui</ex>us</expan><abbr>hi<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY hi-us-huiusmodi “<choice><expan>h<ex>ui</ex>us<ex>mod</ex>i</expan><abbr>hi<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-d-suscrit-illud “<choice><expan>i<ex>llu</ex>d</expan><abbr>i<am>ͩ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ier-m-suscrit-ierusalem “<choice><expan>ier<ex>usale</ex>m</expan><abbr>ier<am>ͫ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY g-i-suscrit-igitur “<choice><expan>ig<ex>itur</ex></expan><abbr>g<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY g-o-suscrit-ergo “<choice><expan><ex>er</ex>go</expan><abbr>g<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY g-us-gnus “<choice><expan>g<ex>n</ex>us</expan><abbr>g<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ig-ur-igitur “<choice><expan>ig<ex>uitur</ex></expan><abbr>ig<am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY loq-ur-loquitur “<choice><expan>loq<ex>uitur</ex></expan><abbr>loq<am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-o-suscrit-modo “<choice><expan>m<ex>od</ex>o</expan><abbr>m<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-a-suscrit-materia “<choice><expan>m<ex>ateri</ex>a</expan><abbr>m<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-o-suscrit-nocturno “<choice><expan>n<ex>octurn</ex>o</expan><abbr>n<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-a-suscrit-praedica “<choice><expan>p<ex>raedic</ex>a</expan><abbr>p<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-a-suscrit-praeterea “<choice><expan>p<ex>raetere</ex>a</expan><abbr>p<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-ae-suscrits-publicae “<choice><expan>p<ex>ublic</ex>ae</expan><abbr>p<hi rend=’sup’>ae</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pin-i-suscrit-princeps “<choice><expan>p<ex>r</ex>in<ex>ceps</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>ͥ</am>n</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-o-suscrit-primo “<choice><expan>p<ex>rim</ex>o</expan><abbr>p<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-t-suscrit-potest “<choice><expan>p<ex>otes</ex>t</expan><abbr>p<am>ͭ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-us-pos “<choice><expan>p<ex>os</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-us-post “<choice><expan>p<ex>ost</ex></expan><abbr>p<am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-a-suscrit-papa “<choice><expan>p<ex>a</ex>pa</expan><abbr>pp<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY pp-e-suscrit-pape “<choice><expan>p<ex>a</ex>pe</expan><abbr>pp<am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-m-suscrit-quoniam “<choice><expan>q<ex>uonia</ex>m</expan><abbr>q<am>ͫ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qn-o-suscrit-quando “<choice><expan>q<ex>ua</ex>n<ex>do</ex></expan><abbr>qn<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-i-suscrit-t-i-suscrit-tituli “<choice><expan>tit<ex>ul</ex>i</expan><abbr>t<am>ͥ</am>t<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-o-suscrit-uero “<choice><expan>u<ex>er</ex>o</expan><abbr>u<am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY x-i-suscrit-Christi “<choice><expan>Ch<ex>rist</ex>i</expan><abbr>x<am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY x-s-suscrit-Christus “<choice><expan>Ch<ex>ristu</ex>s</expan><abbr>x<am>ᷤ</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– orig/reg lettres suscrites pour elles-mêmes –>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-a “<choice><reg>a</reg><orig>ͣ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-suscrit-c “<choice><reg>c</reg><orig>ͨ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-suscrit-d “<choice><reg>d</reg><orig>ͩ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-e “<choice><reg>e</reg><orig>ͤ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-i “<choice><reg>i</reg><orig>ͥ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-suscrit-l “<choice><reg>l</reg><orig>ᷝ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-suscrit-m “<choice><reg>m</reg><orig>ͫ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-o “<choice><reg>o</reg><orig>ͦ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-suscrit-r “<choice><reg><ex>r</ex></reg><orig>ͬ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-suscrit-s “<choice><reg>s</reg><orig>ᷤ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-suscrit-t “<choice><reg>t</reg><orig>ͭ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-suscrit-u “<choice><reg>u</reg><orig>ͧ</orig></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-vertical “<choice><reg>m</reg><orig>m</orig></choice>”>

<!– lettres suscrites –>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-ca “<choice><expan>ca</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-cia “<choice><expan>cia</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-ma “<choice><expan><ex>m</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-na “<choice><expan><ex>n</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-ra “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-ta “<choice><expan><ex>t</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-tia “<choice><expan><ex>t</ex>ia</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY a-suscrit-ua “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>a</expan><abbr><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-suscrit-ec “<choice><expan><ex>e</ex>c</expan><abbr><am>ͨ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY c-suscrit-ic “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>c</expan><abbr><am>ͨ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-me “<choice><expan><ex>m</ex>e</expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-ne “<choice><expan><ex>n</ex>e</expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-re “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex>e</expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-ste “<choice><expan>ste</expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY e-suscrit-ue “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>e</expan><abbr><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-hri “<choice><expan><ex>hr</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-bi “<choice><expan><ex>b</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ibi “<choice><expan><ex>ib</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ic “<choice><expan>i<ex>c</ex></expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ichi “<choice><expan><ex>ich</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ici “<choice><expan><ex>ic</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ir “<choice><expan>i<ex>r</ex></expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-isi “<choice><expan><ex>is</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-mi “<choice><expan><ex>m</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ni “<choice><expan><ex>n</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-pri “<choice><expan><ex>pr</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ri “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-suscrit-ui “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>i</expan><abbr><am>ͥ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-suscrit-ium “<choice><expan><ex>iu</ex>m</expan><abbr><am>ͫ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-suscrit-um “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>m</expan><abbr><am>ͫ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-suscrit-n “<choice><expan>n</expan><abbr><am>ᷠ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-esimo “<choice><expan><ex>esim</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-go “<choice><expan><ex>g</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-io “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-no “<choice><expan><ex>n</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-ro “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-tio “<choice><expan><ex>ti</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY o-suscrit-uo “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>o</expan><abbr><am>ͦ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-suscrit-ir “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>r</expan><abbr><am>ͬ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-suscrit-tur “<choice><expan><ex>tu</ex>r</expan><abbr><am>ͬ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-suscrit-os “<choice><expan><ex>o</ex>s</expan><abbr><am>ᷤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-suscrit-erit “<choice><expan><ex>eri</ex>t</expan><abbr><am>ͭ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-suscrit-it “<choice><expan><ex>it</ex></expan><abbr><am>ͭ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY t-suscrit-ut “<choice><expan><ex>ut</ex></expan><abbr><am>ͭ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-suscrit-ru “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex>u</expan><abbr><am>ͧ</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– ABREVIATIONS PAR SIGNES SPECIAUX –>
<!ENTITY et-perluette “<choice><expan>et</expan><abbr><am>&amp;</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-perluette-tilde-etiam “<choice><expan>et<ex>iam</ex></expan><abbr><am>&amp;</am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-tironien “<choice><expan>et</expan><abbr><am>⁊</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-tironien-barré “<choice><expan>et</expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-tironien-tilde-etiam “<choice><expan>et<ex>iam</ex></expan><abbr><am>⁊</am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY et-tironien-barré-tilde-etiam “<choice><expan>et<ex>iam</ex></expan><abbr><am></am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY co-tironien “<choice><expan>co</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY con-tironien “<choice><expan>con</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY com-tironien “<choice><expan>com</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY com-tironien-commen “<choice><expan>com<ex>en</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cum-tironien “<choice><expan>cum</expan><abbr><am>ꝯ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY us-base “<choice><expan>us</expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– P et Q –>
<!ENTITY p-barré-per “<choice><expan>p<ex>er</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-peru “<choice><expan>p<ex>eru</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-par “<choice><expan>p<ex>ar</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-por “<choice><expan>p<ex>or</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-pra “<choice><expan>p<ex>ra</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝑ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-barré-pro “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝓ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY P-barré-Pro “<choice><expan>p<ex>ro</ex></expan><abbr><am>Ꝓ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-pre “<choice><expan>p<ex>re</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY p-tilde-preter “<choice><expan>p<ex>reter</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q2-quia “<choice><expan>q<ex>uia</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-qui “<choice><expan>q<ex>ui</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝗ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY Q-barré-Qui “<choice><expan>Q<ex>ui</ex></expan><abbr><am>Ꝙ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY Q-barré-Quod “<choice><expan>Q<ex>uod</ex></expan><abbr><am>Ꝙ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY Q-barré-a-suscrit-Quam “<choice><expan>Q<ex>u</ex>a<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr><am>Ꝙ</am><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-a-suscrit-quam “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>a<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-a-suscrit-quan “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>a<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am><am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-e-suscrit-quem “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>e<ex>m</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-e-suscrit-quen “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>e<ex>n</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am><am>ͤ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-diagonale-quod “<choice><expan>q<ex>uod</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-barré-diagonale-tilde-quem “<choice><expan>q<ex>uem</ex></expan><abbr><am>ꝙ</am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-tilde-que “<choice><expan>q<ex>ue</ex></expan><abbr>q<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY qi-a-suscrit-quasi “<choice><expan>q<ex>u</ex>a<ex>s</ex>i</expan><abbr>qi<am>ͣ</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– SIGNES D’ABREVIATION –>

<!– TILDE –>
<!ENTITY tilde-a “<choice><expan><ex>a</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-am “<choice><expan><ex>am</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-an “<choice><expan><ex>an</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-i “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-is “<choice><expan><ex>is</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-iu “<choice><expan><ex>iu</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-m “<choice><expan><ex>m</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-mi “<choice><expan><ex>mi</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-n “<choice><expan><ex>n</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-na “<choice><expan><ex>na</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ne “<choice><expan><ex>ne</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ni “<choice><expan><ex>ni</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-o “<choice><expan><ex>o</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-on “<choice><expan><ex>on</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-u “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-um “<choice><expan><ex>um</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-un “<choice><expan><ex>un</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-e “<choice><expan><ex>e</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-em “<choice><expan><ex>em</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-en “<choice><expan><ex>en</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-in “<choice><expan><ex>in</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-men “<choice><expan><ex>men</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-min “<choice><expan><ex>min</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-er “<choice><expan><ex>er</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-eru “<choice><expan><ex>eru</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ir “<choice><expan><ex>ir</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ra “<choice><expan><ex>ra</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-re “<choice><expan><ex>re</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-r “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-er “<choice><expan><ex>er</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-eru “<choice><expan><ex>eru</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-ir “<choice><expan><ex>ir</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-vertical-re “<choice><expan><ex>re</ex></expan><abbr><am>͛</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-ar “<choice><expan><ex>ar</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-or “<choice><expan><ex>or</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-r “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex></expan><abbr><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-ur “<choice><expan><ex>ur</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-r “<choice><expan><ex>r</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷑</am></abbr></choice>”><!ENTITY tilde-sp-us “<choice><expan><ex>us</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-s “<choice><expan><ex>s</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tilde-sp-us-neus “<choice><expan><ex>neus</ex></expan><abbr><am>᷒</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– LE POINT ET SON EVOLUTION –>
<!ENTITY b-signe-double-bus “<choice><expan>b<ex>us</ex></expan><abbr>b<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-signe-simple-bus “<choice><expan>b<ex>us</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-signe-double-libet “<choice><expan>l<ex>ibet</ex></expan><abbr>l<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-signe-double-licet “<choice><expan>l<ex>icet</ex></expan><abbr>l<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY n-signe-double-neque “<choice><expan>n<ex>eque</ex></expan><abbr>n<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-signe-simple-que “<choice><expan>q<ex>ue</ex></expan><abbr>q<am>.</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY q-signe-double-que “<choice><expan>q<ex>ue</ex></expan><abbr>q<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY r-rond-barré-rum “<choice><expan>r<ex>um</ex></expan><abbr>ꝝ</abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-signe-double-sed “<choice><expan>s<ex>ed</ex></expan><abbr>s<am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY u-signe-double-uidelicet “<choice><expan>u<ex>idelicet</ex></expan><abbr>u<am></am></abbr></choice>”>

<!ENTITY signe-double-tilde-est “<choice><expan><ex>est</ex></expan><abbr><am></am><am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!ENTITY susp-signe-double-e “<choice><expan><ex>e</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-double-et “<choice><expan><ex>et</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-double-m “<choice><expan><ex>m</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY susp-signe-double-que “<choice><expan><ex>que</ex></expan><abbr><am></am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– LETTRES BARREES –>
<!ENTITY s-barré-ser “<choice><expan>s<ex>er</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-barré-secundum “<choice><expan>s<ex>ecundum</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-barré-secundu “<choice><expan>s<ex>ecundu</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY s-barré-secund “<choice><expan>s<ex>ecund</ex></expan><abbr><am>ẜ</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– EX LETTRES BARREES = LETTRE + TILDE –>
<!ENTITY b-tilde-ber “<choice><expan>b<ex>er</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY b-tilde-bis “<choice><expan>b<ex>is</ex></expan><abbr>b<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-de “<choice><expan>d<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY d-tilde-ud “<choice><ex>u</ex><expan>d</expan><abbr>d<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY h-tilde-hec “<choice><expan>h<ex>ec</ex></expan><abbr>h<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-al “<choice><expan><ex>a</ex>l</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-el “<choice><expan><ex>e</ex>l</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-il “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>l</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-ili “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>l<ex>i</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-le “<choice><expan>l<ex>e</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-ul “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>l</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-ulu “<choice><expan><ex>u</ex>l<ex>u</ex>u</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-lati “<choice><expan>l<ex>ati</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-lis “<choice><expan>l<ex>is</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-lur “<choice><expan>l<ex>ur</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-uel “<choice><expan><ex>ue</ex>l</expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-liter “<choice><expan>l<ex>iter</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY l-tilde-iliter “<choice><expan><ex>i</ex>l<ex>liter</ex></expan><abbr>l<am>̃</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– ABREVIATIONS PAR GRAPHISME –>
<!ENTITY H-entre-points-enim “<choice><expan><ex>enim</ex></expan><abbr><am>·</am>H<am>·</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY est-point-trait-point “<choice><expan><ex>est</ex></expan><abbr><am>÷</am></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY i-entre-points-idest “<choice><expan>i<ex>dest</ex></expan><abbr><am>.i.</am></abbr></choice>”>

<!– VS –>

<!– TERMINAISONS ET LETTRES ADSCRITES –>
<!ENTITY ca-sup-blica “<choice><expan><ex>bli</ex>ca</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>ca</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ca-sup-lica “<choice><expan><ex>li</ex>ca</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>ca</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ce-sup-lice “<choice><expan><ex>li</ex>ce</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>ce</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY cia-sup-cancia “<choice><expan><ex>can</ex>cia</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>cia</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY m-sup-nium “<choice><expan><ex>niu</ex>m</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>m</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY onum-sup-tionum “<choice><expan><ex>ti</ex>onum</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>onum</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY ter-sup-lariter “<choice><expan><ex>lari</ex>ter</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>ter</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tus-sup-blitus “<choice><expan><ex>bli</ex>tus</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>tus</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY tum-sup-tatum “<choice><expan><ex>ta</ex>tum</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>tum</hi></abbr></choice>”>
<!ENTITY rium-sup-larium “<choice><expan><ex>la</ex>rium</expan><abbr><hi rend=’sup’>rium</hi></abbr></choice>”>

 

Florence Cloppet a soutenu son HDR !

L’un des chercheurs impliqués dans le projet Oriflamms vient de soutenir son habilitation à diriger des recherches (en bref : HDR), sous le titre « De l’Utilisation d’Informations/Connaissances en Analyse et Interprétation d’Images » ! Avec toutes les équipes partenaires, nous nous en réjouissons et en donnons ici le résumé.

Florence Cloppet : De l’Utilisation d’Informations/Connaissances en Analyse et Interprétation d’Images

Le travail présenté dans le cadre de cette habilitation à diriger des recherches propose une synthèse d’activités et de travaux scientifiques, qui s’inscrivent dans une approche pluridisciplinaire translationnelle de l’enseignement et de la recherche. Nous nous sommes principalement intéressée d’un point de vue théorique à l’analyse et l’interprétation de structures complexes en vision par ordinateur, dans la continuité de nos travaux de Doctorat.
Il nous est apparu qu’il ne fallait pas opposer recherche théorique et applicative, mais plutôt les faire interagir de manière étroite. En effet, l’application peut pousser à des développements théoriques, et inversement la robustesse de la méthodologie développée a besoin des applications pour être évaluée. Nos travaux se sont inscrits dans deux domaines applicatifs particuliers : les domaines de l’imagerie du vivant et du document. Même si ces deux domaines peuvent apparaître relativement éloignés ils présentent néanmoins des similitudes au niveau des problèmes posés et de la méthodologie de traitements utilisée. En effet, les objets à extraire ou à caractériser comme tout objet inhérent à la nature humaine ou produit par l’homme présentent une grande variabilité avec des structures relativement complexes. Par ailleurs, ils constituent des champs thématiques où la sémantique de l’image est très forte.
L’approche translationnelle adoptée, nous a permis de mieux comprendre le domaine traité et les attentes d’une analyse computationnelle de la part des experts, d’extraire des informations, de modéliser des connaissances du domaine liées soit aux objets d’intérêt, soit au mode de raisonnement des experts du domaine. Ces informations ou connaissances a priori ont été intégrées dans les algorithmes via des cadres théoriques bien établis dans la littérature, mais qui nécessitent un travail conséquent de reformulation pour s’adapter aux imperfections (bruit, résolution etc.) des images, et à la complexité des formes à segmenter ou à caractériser, et ce, que ce soit dans des images biomédicales ou des images de documents.
Nos principales contributions se situent dans l’extraction d’informations ou connaissances a priori à partir des images ou à partir du dialogue avec les experts, et à l’introduction de ces informations ou connaissances (propriétés géométriques et/ou radiométriques, informations sur la position relative de points d’intérêt ou de structures) dans les processus de segmentation ou d’interprétation de manière à éviter une initialisation précise des structures à segmenter, une intervention de l’expert lors des processus d’analyses et d’interprétation d’images mais aussi de manière à introduire une certaine flexibilité et adaptabilité des méthodes développées par rapport à la variabilité des formes étudiées, et aux conditions d’observation (structures saines ou pathologiques par exemple, suivi longitudinal en cas de traitement dans le cas d’images biomédicales, scripteurs et époques d’écriture différents, documents dégradés ou avec des conditions de numérisation variables, dans le cas d’images de documents).

Mots-clefs : Analyse et interprétation d’images, utilisation d’informations/connaissances, extraction d’information, agrégation multi-critères.

ORIFLAMMS à Dagstuhl

Dans le cadre somptueux et privilégié qu’offrent le château de Dagstuhl et sa très riche bibliothèque spécialisée se tient du 20 au 24 juillet 2014 le séminaire Digital Palaeography: New Machines and Old Texts. Parmi 25 experts des Humanités, Humanités numériques et Computer Vision, venus d’une dizaine de pays et tous impliqués dans le dialogue interdisciplinaire et la paléographie numérique. Trois des responsables scientifiques d’ORIFLAMMS seront présents, dont l’un comme coorganisateur : Dominique Stutzmann, Véronique Eglin, Nicole Vincent.

De la paléographie hébraïque à la paléographie latine en passant par la papyrologie et la paléographie arabe, du wordspotting à la catégorisation en passant par la reconnaissance du texte manuscrit, tous les défis humains, organisationnels et techniques seront évoqués pour identifier les meilleures pistes et les perspectives les plus prometteuses.

Nous vous tiendrons au courant !

Paléographie numérique: projets et perspectives

Durant le troisième « workshop » organisé à Venise en jonction avec l’université de Padoue et l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, les réalisations et les perspectives de la paléographie numérique ont été présentées et discutées. Organisé d’une main de maître par Flavia De Rubeis, Frédéric Kaplan et Dorit Raines, le programme riche a été l’occasion d’échanges nombreux et fructueux.

Les concepts de Digital Palaeography et de Big Data du passé

Arianna Ciula (University of Roehampton) a ouvert la première séance avec l’autorité de celle qui, la première, a ouvert la voie à la paléographie numérique, en employant dès 2004 l’expression « digital palaeography », alors qu’aujourd’hui le concept est largement utilisé (cf. KPDZ, ESF Würzburg, DigiPal). Plusieurs idées fortes structurent sa contribution. Nous retenons une première ambivalence : les réticences envers la paléographie numérique trouvent leur origine dans la peur ou le sentiment d’incompréhension face aux techniques employées ; inversement, l’utilisation des technologies numériques n’est pas toujours suffisamment autoréflexive, par exemple sur les implications de la numérisation. Elle promeut un usage critique.

Elle distingue ensuite « digital » et « computational », et soutient que la paléographie numérique englobe la paléographie quantitative et doit se comprendre comme un pas dans la direction de la paléographie « intégrale » chère à Boyle, en lien avec la philologie, la linguistique et les sciences cognitives.

Continuer la lecture de Paléographie numérique: projets et perspectives

ORIFLAMMS à l’université Ca’ Foscari de Venise

Les 10 et 11 avril 2014, à Venise, se tiendra un atelier de réflexion sur la paléographie numérique : Digital Paleography. Projects, prospects, potentialities (An International Workshop).

Programme et argumentaire : Digital paleography workshop – Venice – 10-11 April 2014

Le projet Oriflamms et ses avancées seront présentées durant la troisième session, le 11 avril au matin.

L’atelier explorera un champ de recherche à la pointe et examinera les potentialités des technologies de l’informations appliquées au systèmes graphiques non-imprimés, quel qu’en soit le support.

Trois thèmes principaux seront abordés :

  • état de l’art
  • diversité des approches et potentialités dans la reconnaissance automatisée des écritures médiévales
  • écritures personnelles des XVIe-XVIIIe siècles

The present international workshop addresses a recent cutting-edge research field which explores the potentialities lying in the application of information technologies to non-printed graphic systems on whatever writing surface.
The workshop proposes to explore three principal themes: the digital paleography state of the art; the potentiality of different approaches applied to automatic digital recognition of medieval handwritings; the problem of sixteenth-eighteenth centuries individual handwriting digital recognition, in particular in wills from the Venetian State Archives, as part of the “Venice Time Machine Project” recently launched by Università Ca’ Foscari, Digital Humanities Lab (DHLAB), EPFL, Lausanne and the Archivio di Stato di Venezia.
The workshop is open to students of both Bachelor and Master levels (with credit recognition of substitute activity for the traineeship), for Ph.D. students and for all those interested in the theme.

Pour plus d’information, contacter :
Flavia De Rubeis: flaviadr@unive.it
Dorit Raines: raines@unive.it

Programme

Continuer la lecture de ORIFLAMMS à l’université Ca’ Foscari de Venise

Appel à communication / CfP : Empire des lettres et tigres de parchemein — International Medieval Congress (Leeds, 7-10 / 07 / 2014)

Les partenaires d’Oriflamms, sous le patronage d’Apices et de Cap Digital, organisent des sessions paléographiques sur le thème ‘Empire’ dans le cadre de l’International Medieval Congress 2014 à Leeds (Royaume-Uni).

(English version below)
(Deutsche Version: siehe unten)
(Versión española abajo)

L’écriture n’est pas un moyen de communication neutre. En particulier, les écritures ont servi, tout au long du Moyen Âge, à mettre en scène l’idée d’Empire, de pouvoir et de domination. Les exemples les plus célèbres en sont les litterae caelestes de l’Antiquité tardive, la curialis de la chancellerie pontificale, les litterae elongatae. La pertinence du concept d’Empire ne se limite cependant pas aux écritures pragmatiques, comme le montrent l’écriture prophétique d’Hildegarde de Bingen pour sa lingua ignota, qui connote l’empire divin, ou encore l’écriture humanistique, aussi dite littera antiqua, qui prétend reproduire l’écriture de l’Antiquité pour la littérature latine classique et, par conséquent, reproduire l’écriture d’une forme disparue de l’Empire. L’écriture a ainsi la possibilité de connoter l’autorité et l’Empire, et d’inspirer le respect.
Aussi ces sessions sont-elles placées conjointement sous le titre de l’étude d’E. T. Bannett sur les manuels épistolaires « Empire of letters » (Empire des lettres), qui montre comment les lettres ont unifié un Empire, et également sous le signe de l’ironie politique des « Tigres de papier », ici, « tigres de parchemin », qui applique dans le domaine paléographique l’idée que des écrits, par leurs particularités graphiques et de mise en forme, puissent susciter admiration, respect et terreur sacrée.
Si la minuscule caroline est un symbole manifeste d’une entreprise à la fois politique et culturelle, elle montre aussi la complexité du lien entre Empire et écriture. Dans le même mouvement, Charlemagne unifiait un espace politique et lui donnait une écriture commune ; ce faisant il unifiait un Empire par ses lettres (la caroline finit par exclure l’usage des écritures dites ‘nationales’ comme la bénéventaine des Lombards ou des autres écritures issues de l’Empire, comme la curialis), mais aussi le domaine scriptural, l’Empire des lettres (la caroline s’impose comme écriture livresque aussi bien que dans le domaine documentaire). Pourtant, la caroline n’est pas une création impériale : elle précède la renovatio imperii et n’est qu’une sélection de formes au milieu d’évolutions multiples, alors que les autres écritures impériales (litterae caelestes, curiales, elongatae) sont des héritières fossilisées de temps prestigieux mais révolus : elles ne sont pas seulement archaïsantes, elles connotent l’autorité de l’Empire.
Le domaine scriptural peut aussi être étudié comme un monde en soi, « l’Empire des lettres », avec sa cohérence et son histoire. Les affiches de maîtres écrivains et de calligraphes, les modèles d’écriture, les écritures spécifiques à un genre (par ex., la « gothique liturgique », l’écriture de la chancellerie impériale), les influences des écritures données ou perçues comme « impériales » ou les conséquences sur l’écriture des prétentions politiques (en France, l’invention de la « mixte » est contemporaine de l’adage « le roi est empereur en son royaume) reflètent l’idée d’un « imperium » distinct, permettant de distinguer des sphères et hiérarchies de pouvoir.
Ces deux grandes dimensions de « l’Empire des lettres », à savoir la connotation de l’Empire par les lettres et la structuration du domaine scriptural (c’est-à-dire le domaine partiellement autonome des écritures), relèvent du présent appel à communication.

Continuer la lecture de Appel à communication / CfP : Empire des lettres et tigres de parchemein — International Medieval Congress (Leeds, 7-10 / 07 / 2014)

Paléographie numérique : nouveaux outils, nouvelles questions ?

Après une séance de séminaire à l’EHESS à l’ENS de Lyon (annonce sur le site du CIHAM) et sur le site de l’EHESS), c’est à l’Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforchung de Vienne que Dominique Stutzmann va présenter les nouvelles questions ouvertes par les technologies numériques d’analyse d’image.

La paléographie numérique apparaît depuis une dizaine d’années comme un domaine en soi des Digital Humanities. Carrefour unique entre les sciences de l’ingénieur et les sciences humaines et sociales, la paléographie pose, même en ses missions et problématiques les plus traditionnelles — lire les textes, identifier et différencier les mains, dater les manuscrits, classifier les types d’écriture –, des obstacles ambitieux pour la recherche en vision par ordinateur (Computer Vision). Comment un ordinateur apprendra-t-il à lire une écriture, ou à la nommer « régulière », quand les paléographes peinent à le faire ou à trouver des fondements communs à leurs savoirs ? Le dialogue interdisciplinaire crée de nouveaux outils (systèmes de transcription assistée par ordinateur, analyse et caractérisation d’image, etc.) qui mènent également les historiens de l’écriture à formuler de nouvelles questions (cohérence des systèmes graphiques, normes de l’écriture en société, graphonomie historique).